A giant yellow Komatsu mining excavator towers over visitors at an outdoor trade fair
A Komatsu mining excavator on show at a trade fair. Michael KR, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
A green Holt 75 crawler tractor with a canopy roof and a steering wheel out front
A Holt 75 track-type tractor at a steam fair in England. BulldozerD11, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
A red and black Caterpillar Sixty crawler tractor with a cab and tall exhaust
A 1931 Caterpillar Sixty. BrokenSphere, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
A grey preserved steam shovel with a long boom and dipper bucket on a lawn
A preserved Bucyrus steam shovel. Elsie esq., Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
A miner in a hard hat braces a compressed-air rock drill against the rock overhead
Drilling blast holes with a compressed-air rock drill, New Idria mercury mine, California, 1942. Photograph by Andreas Feininger. Office of War Information, Library of Congress, no known restrictions (Public domain)
A yellow and grey tracked surface drill rig with its mast raised beside broken rock
An Epiroc SmartROC C50 surface drill rig. Alexandre Prevot, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
A portable crushing and screening plant mounted on a multi-axle trailer
A portable crushing plant with a Metso Nordberg HP300 cone crusher. Zachary Scheidler, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
An old photograph of Alfred Nobel, seated, resting his head on one hand
Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite. Library of Congress, no known restrictions (Public domain)

Equipment/Suppliers · Facts only

The industry behind the mines

Mining companies dig the rock, but they rarely build the machines that do it. Trucks, shovels, drills, crushers, mills, pumps and explosives come from a small group of specialist makers in the United States, Japan, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Scotland and Australia. Many of them are older than the mines they now serve.

1862Sandvik founded in Sweden
1925Holt and Best merge as Caterpillar
2011Caterpillar completes its Bucyrus purchase
2017Komatsu completes its Joy Global purchase

01 · Behind the mines

Mines don't build their machines

A big open pit might run a hundred trucks, a dozen shovels and drill rigs, a crushing plant, mills, pumps and a steady supply of explosives, tyres and spare parts. Almost all of it comes from outside the mining company, from a small group of specialist makers and their dealers.

This is who they are and where they came from. It is a page of history and facts, not a ranking, an endorsement or investment advice. At the top, an Epiroc surface drill rig.

Sources: company histories listed below.

02 · 1904

The tractor that crawled

In the soft delta soils around Stockton, California, wheeled steam engines sank. On 24 November 1904, Benjamin Holt tested a steam tractor with its rear wheels replaced by tracks of wooden slats on an endless chain. Caterpillar counts it as the prototype of the first commercially successful track-type tractor.

This Holt 75 is one of the petrol-engined machines that followed, built in the 1910s.

Source: Caterpillar.

03 · 1925

Holt plus Best

Holt's great rival was C. L. Best, another California tractor maker. On 15 April 1925 the two companies merged as the Caterpillar Tractor Co. This red Caterpillar Sixty dates from 1931.

Caterpillar was based in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 90 years, moved to Deerfield, Illinois, and in 2022 moved its headquarters to Irving, Texas. It now makes the 797 haul truck, among many other machines.

Sources: Caterpillar; AP (2022).

04 · Bucyrus

The shovels that dug Panama

Bucyrus was founded in 1880 in Bucyrus, Ohio, and moved to South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1893. It built 77 of the 102 steam shovels that dug the Panama Canal, and later the draglines and rope shovels of the biggest mines.

Caterpillar completed its purchase of Bucyrus on 8 July 2011, taking it into mining's largest machines. This preserved Bucyrus steam shovel shows how the dipper and boom worked.

Sources: Bucyrus-Erie; Smithsonian Libraries; see also draglines.

05 · Japan

Komatsu

Komatsu was founded in 1921 in the town of Komatsu, Ishikawa, in Japan. It makes haul trucks, hydraulic excavators and autonomous haulage systems.

On 5 April 2017 Komatsu completed its purchase of Joy Global, owner of the P&H rope shovel and Joy underground coal brands, and renamed it Komatsu Mining Corp. This giant Komatsu mining excavator was on show at a trade fair.

Source: Komatsu; see also autonomous trucks.

06 · Sweden

Rock drills and steel

Two Swedish companies grew up around drilling rock. Sandvik was founded in 1862 by Göran Fredrik Göransson, in Sandviken, to make steel by the new Bessemer process; it became a big maker of drill steel and rock tools. Atlas was founded in Stockholm in 1873 to make railway equipment, and made its own compressors and its first rock drill around 1905.

Andreas Feininger photographed this compressed-air rock drill at work in the New Idria mercury mine, California, in 1942.

Sources: Atlas Copco; Sandvik; Library of Congress.

07 · 2018

Epiroc

In 2018 Atlas Copco split off its mining and rock excavation business as a new company, Epiroc, listed on Nasdaq Stockholm on 18 June 2018. It makes surface and underground drill rigs, rock bolters, loaders and rock tools.

The rig at the top of this page is an Epiroc SmartROC C50. Sandvik makes the same kinds of machines, so the two Swedish companies meet in many of the same mines.

Sources: Epiroc; see also drilling and blasting, underground equipment.

08 · 1949

Liebherr

Hans Liebherr ran a building firm in southern Germany. In 1949 he and his team built a mobile tower crane, the TK 10, and founded the company in Kirchdorf an der Iller to make it. Liebherr, still family-owned and now based in Bulle, Switzerland, also makes mining trucks and excavators.

The globe shows where the companies on this page began.

Source: Liebherr.

09 · The plant

Crushers, mills and pumps

The processing plant has its own suppliers. Metso and Outotec, both Finnish, combined in 2020 and took the name Metso in 2023. FLSmidth was founded in Copenhagen in 1882 and grew in cement before buying thyssenkrupp's mining business in 2022. Weir, founded in Glasgow in 1871 by George and James Weir, makes slurry pumps and wear parts.

This is a portable crushing plant built around a Metso Nordberg HP300 cone crusher.

Sources: FLSmidth; Weir Group; see also crushers.

10 · Explosives

From Nobel to Orica

Alfred Nobel patented dynamite in 1867, and companies carrying his name spread around the world. In Australia, Jones, Scott and Co began supplying explosives to the Victorian goldfields in 1874; it became part of Nobel and then ICI, and took the name Orica in 1998.

Today Orica, Dyno Nobel, Enaex, AECI and Maxam, among others, supply mines with blasting products and services. This page covers their history only.

Sources: Orica; Library of Congress.

The full story

Who supplies the mining industry?

Mining companies buy most of their equipment and many services from specialist suppliers, often called OEMs (original equipment manufacturers). The suppliers sell machines through dealers, and earn much of their income from spare parts, wear parts and service over the life of each machine. The names below are facts about who makes what, not a ranking, an endorsement or investment advice.

Mobile machines

  • Caterpillar (United States): formed in 1925 from Holt and Best; haul trucks, shovels, dozers and, since buying Bucyrus in 2011, draglines and rope shovels.
  • Komatsu (Japan): founded in 1921; trucks, excavators and autonomous haulage; bought Joy Global in 2017.
  • Liebherr (Germany and Switzerland): founded in 1949; mining trucks and excavators among many other products.
  • Epiroc and Sandvik (Sweden): drill rigs, rock bolters, underground loaders and trucks, and rock tools.

Processing plant

  • Metso (Finland): crushers, mills, screens and flotation; combined with Outotec in 2020.
  • FLSmidth (Denmark): founded in 1882; mills, flotation and filtration; bought thyssenkrupp Mining in 2022.
  • Weir (Scotland): founded in 1871; slurry pumps, wear linings and crusher parts.

Explosives and blasting services

Orica, Dyno Nobel, Enaex, AECI and Maxam are among the companies that supply mines with explosives, initiating systems and blasting services. This page covers company history only, not how explosives are made or used.

Why it matters

  • A handful of suppliers build most of the world's large mining machines, so their technology shapes how mines work.
  • Electric and autonomous machines reach mines through these companies.
  • Spare parts and service tie suppliers to a mine for decades after the sale.

More machines: all mining equipment, haul trucks, drilling and blasting and crushers. Places: mining in the United States, Japan, Sweden and Finland.

Questions people ask

Who makes mining equipment?

Large mining machines are made by a fairly small group of companies. Caterpillar and Komatsu make haul trucks, shovels and underground machines. Liebherr and Hitachi make trucks and excavators. Epiroc and Sandvik make drill rigs and underground loaders. Metso and FLSmidth make crushers, mills and flotation plant, and Weir makes slurry pumps and wear parts. Orica and other explosives makers supply blasting products and services. This is a list of facts, not a ranking or advice.

Where did Caterpillar come from?

Caterpillar was formed on 15 April 1925 by the merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company, two California makers of track-type tractors. Benjamin Holt had tested his first track-type tractor near Stockton in November 1904. Caterpillar was based in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 90 years, moved to Deerfield, Illinois, and since 2022 has had its headquarters in Irving, Texas.

Who owns Bucyrus and Joy Global now?

Caterpillar completed its purchase of Bucyrus International, maker of draglines, rope shovels and underground coal machines, on 8 July 2011. Komatsu completed its purchase of Joy Global, which owned the P&H shovel and Joy underground mining brands, on 5 April 2017 and renamed it Komatsu Mining Corp.

What is Epiroc?

Epiroc is a Swedish maker of drill rigs, rock tools and underground mining machines. It was split off from Atlas Copco, which was founded in Stockholm in 1873 and began making rock drills in the early 1900s, and its shares were first listed on Nasdaq Stockholm on 18 June 2018.

Who makes mining explosives?

Commercial explosives and blasting services for mines come from companies such as Orica, Dyno Nobel, Enaex, AECI and Maxam, among others. Orica traces its roots to Jones, Scott and Co, which supplied explosives to the Victorian goldfields from 1874, and later became part of Nobel and ICI before taking the Orica name in 1998. This page covers company history only, not how explosives are made or used.

Bagger 293, a bucket wheel excavator taller than a football stadium, working a terrace of the Hambach mine1978–2030Digging · Germany's lignite mines

Bucket wheel excavators

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Big Brutus, a giant stripping shovel, towering over the cars and trees around it1963–2026Records · Mines worldwide

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A red and white walking dragline with its bucket raised on ropes from a long lattice boom, over a lignite strip cut1948–2026Digging · Strip mines

Draglines

A bucket the size of a garage, thrown on ropes from a boom longer than a football pitch. Big Muskie and the machines that walk.

A Caterpillar 797 haul truck with a worker standing beside a front tyre that is more than twice his height1934–2026Hauling · Open-pit mines

Haul trucks

The BelAZ 75710 carries 450 tonnes, a Cat 797F 363. How the biggest dump trucks in the world work, and what their tyres cost.

A yellow haul truck loaded with ore, with a rack of sensors on its front and an empty cab, on a snowy mine road2008–2026Autonomy · Open-pit mines

Autonomous trucks

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A row of rock blasts erupting along a quarry face, throwing dust and stones into the air1627–2026Drilling and blasting · Open pit and underground

Drilling and blasting

Before rock can be dug it has to be broken. How mines drill rows of holes and time a blast to the millisecond, at industry level.

A large red crusher inside the steel frame of a crushing plant, with conveyors and walkways around it1858–2026Processing · Crushing

Crushers

Boulders the size of a car go in, gravel comes out. How jaw, gyratory and cone crushers work, and why the biggest take 17,000 tonnes an hour.

A large grey ball mill studded with liner bolts in a long mill hall1940s–2026Processing · Grinding

Ball mills and SAG mills

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A row of tall blue flotation tank cells with walkways and pipes under a blue sky1905–2026Processing · Separation

Froth flotation and tailings

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A containerised ore sorter on legs, fed by an inclined conveyor, at a mine site1911–2026Processing · Sorting

Ore sorting

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An underground loader carrying a full bucket of rock through a dark mine room1905–2026Underground · Fleet

Underground mining equipment

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The yellow cutting drum of a longwall shearer under the steel canopies of the shields1690s–2026Underground · Coal

Longwall mining

A shearer runs back and forth along a coal face 300 m long, under a steel roof of hydraulic shields that walk forward behind it. How longwalls work, and what happens above them.

Two blue electric locomotives pull a long ore train along a lake shore through autumn birch woods1899–2026Logistics · Moving ore

Conveyors, rail and ports

A mine is only worth what it can ship. Belts 100 km long, trains so long they vanish over the horizon, and ships that carry 400,000 tonnes move the rock to the world.

Pictures in this story: Michael KR, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0); BulldozerD11, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); BrokenSphere, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0); Elsie esq., Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0); Office of War Information, Library of Congress, no known restrictions (Public domain); Alexandre Prevot, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0); Zachary Scheidler, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); Library of Congress, no known restrictions (Public domain). Cover photos from Wikimedia Commons: Bucket wheel excavators by bluecloud9, CC BY-SA 2.0; Draglines by Roy Luck, CC BY 2.0; Haul trucks by Lechhabmed, CC BY-SA 4.0; Autonomous trucks by RobSimmons223311, CC BY-SA 4.0; Drilling and blasting by Siim Roov, CC BY-SA 4.0; Crushers by photosmith2011, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0; Ball mills and SAG mills by photosmith2011, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0; Froth flotation and tailings by Nina111955, CC BY-SA 4.0; Ore sorting by Tomra Sorting GmbH, CC BY-SA 4.0; Underground mining equipment by Kaupo Kikkas, CC BY-SA 4.0; Longwall mining by Bochum1805, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0; Conveyors, rail and ports by Kabelleger / David Gubler, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Keep exploring

Stories about the mines these machines work in

All mining storiesThe world runs on rockAll mineralsMining by country

Cover photos from Wikimedia Commons: Super Pit, Kalgoorlie by Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0; Chuquicamata from the ISS by Alexander Gerst (ESA), CC BY-SA 2.0.